/* BuyMeWhiskey: one stylesheet, mobile-first. Navy + white, Inter. */
@font-face{font-family:"Inter";font-style:normal;font-weight:100 900;font-display:optional;src:url(/personal-finance/assets/fonts/inter-latin-wght-normal.woff2) format("woff2");unicode-range:U+0000-00FF,U+0131,U+0152-0153,U+02BB-02BC,U+02C6,U+02DA,U+02DC,U+0304,U+0308,U+0329,U+2000-206F,U+20AC,U+2122,U+2191,U+2193,U+2212,U+2215,U+FEFF,U+FFFD}
:root{--navy:#0b2545;--navy-2:#13315c;--blue:#1d4e89;--sky:#eef3f9;--line:#d9e2ec;--ink:#1a2433;--muted:#5b6b7f;--gold:#e5b94e;--ok:#0f7b4b;--warn:#a4410e;--radius:10px;--w:46rem}
*{box-sizing:border-box}
html{-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%}
body{margin:0;font-family:Inter,system-ui,-apple-system,"Segoe UI",Roboto,Arial,sans-serif;color:var(--ink);background:#fff;line-height:1.65;font-size:1.0625rem}
img,svg{max-width:100%}
a{color:var(--blue);text-underline-offset:2px}
a:hover{color:var(--navy)}
:focus-visible{outline:3px solid var(--gold);outline-offset:2px}
.skip{position:absolute;left:-999px;top:0;background:#fff;padding:.5rem 1rem;z-index:10}
.skip:focus{left:0}
.wrap{max-width:var(--w);margin:0 auto;padding:0 1rem}
.wide{max-width:72rem}
/* header */
.site-h{background:var(--navy);color:#fff}
.site-h .wrap{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:1rem;padding-top:.75rem;padding-bottom:.75rem;flex-wrap:wrap}
.brand{color:#fff;text-decoration:none;font-weight:800;font-size:1.2rem;letter-spacing:-.01em}
.brand span{color:var(--gold)}
.site-h nav a{color:#dbe6f3;text-decoration:none;font-size:.95rem;margin-left:1rem}
.site-h nav a:first-child{margin-left:0}
.site-h nav a:hover{color:#fff;text-decoration:underline}
/* breadcrumbs */
.crumbs{font-size:.85rem;color:var(--muted);padding:.75rem 0 0}
.crumbs ol{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:.25rem}
.crumbs li+li:before{content:"›";margin:0 .35rem;color:#9aa8b8}
.crumbs a{color:var(--muted)}
/* type */
h1{font-size:1.75rem;line-height:1.25;letter-spacing:-.02em;color:var(--navy);margin:.75rem 0 .75rem}
h2{font-size:1.3rem;line-height:1.3;color:var(--navy);margin:2rem 0 .6rem;letter-spacing:-.01em}
h3{font-size:1.08rem;color:var(--navy-2);margin:1.4rem 0 .4rem}
p,ul,ol{margin:0 0 1rem}
.meta{font-size:.875rem;color:var(--muted);margin:0 0 1rem}
.meta strong{color:var(--ink);font-weight:600}
/* answer box */
.answer{background:var(--sky);border-left:5px solid var(--navy);border-radius:var(--radius);padding:1rem 1.1rem;margin:0 0 1rem;font-size:1.1rem;font-weight:500}
.answer p{margin:0}
.cta{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center;gap:.75rem;border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:var(--radius);padding:.85rem 1rem;margin:0 0 1.5rem}
.cta p{margin:0;flex:1 1 14rem;font-size:.97rem}
.btn{display:inline-block;background:var(--navy);color:#fff;text-decoration:none;font-weight:600;padding:.6rem 1rem;border-radius:8px;border:0;font:inherit;cursor:pointer}
.btn:hover{background:var(--blue);color:#fff}
.example{border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:var(--radius);padding:.25rem 1.1rem .5rem;background:#fbfcfe}
.example h2{margin-top:1rem}
/* tables */
.tbl{overflow-x:auto;margin:0 0 1rem;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch}
table{border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;font-size:.95rem}
th,td{border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);padding:.5rem .6rem;text-align:left;vertical-align:top}
th{background:var(--sky);color:var(--navy);font-weight:600}
td:not(:first-child),th:not(:first-child){text-align:right}
/* faq */
.faq h2{font-size:1.15rem;scroll-margin-top:1rem}
.faq h2 a.anchor{color:#b7c3d1;text-decoration:none;font-weight:400;margin-left:.35rem;font-size:.9rem}
.related-q{columns:1;padding-left:1.1rem}
.links{list-style:none;padding:0;display:grid;gap:.5rem}
.links a{display:block;border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:8px;padding:.6rem .8rem;text-decoration:none;color:var(--navy);font-weight:500}
.links a:hover{border-color:var(--blue);background:var(--sky)}
.links small{display:block;color:var(--muted);font-weight:400}
.sources{font-size:.92rem}
.sources li{margin-bottom:.35rem;word-break:break-word}
.disclaimer{font-size:.88rem;color:var(--muted);border-top:1px solid var(--line);padding-top:1rem;margin-top:2rem}
/* chart */
figure.chart{margin:1.25rem 0;padding:1rem;border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:var(--radius)}
figure.chart figcaption{font-size:.9rem;color:var(--muted);margin-bottom:.5rem}
.chart svg text{font-family:inherit}
/* hubs/home */
.hero{background:linear-gradient(180deg,var(--navy) 0,var(--navy-2) 100%);color:#fff;padding:2rem 0 2.25rem}
.hero h1{color:#fff;font-size:1.9rem;margin-top:0}
.hero p{color:#dbe6f3;max-width:36rem}
.tabs{display:flex;gap:.5rem;margin:1.5rem 0 1rem;flex-wrap:wrap}
.tabs a{border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:999px;padding:.4rem 1rem;text-decoration:none;color:var(--navy);font-weight:600}
.tabs a.on{background:var(--navy);color:#fff;border-color:var(--navy)}
.panel{display:none}
.panel:target,.panel.default{display:block}
.panel:target~.panel.default{display:none}
.cards{list-style:none;padding:0;display:grid;gap:.75rem;grid-template-columns:1fr}
.cards li{border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:var(--radius);padding:.9rem 1rem}
.cards a{font-weight:600;color:var(--navy);text-decoration:none}
.cards a:hover{text-decoration:underline}
.cards p{margin:.35rem 0 0;font-size:.93rem;color:var(--muted)}
.tag{display:inline-block;font-size:.72rem;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue);background:var(--sky);border-radius:4px;padding:.1rem .4rem;margin-right:.4rem;vertical-align:middle}
/* calculators */
form.calc{border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:var(--radius);padding:1rem;background:#fbfcfe;display:grid;gap:.75rem}
.f{display:grid;gap:.25rem;font-weight:600;font-size:.95rem;color:var(--navy)}
.f input,.f select,.debt input{font:inherit;font-weight:400;padding:.55rem .65rem;border:1px solid #b8c6d6;border-radius:8px;background:#fff;color:var(--ink);width:100%;min-height:44px}
fieldset{border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:8px;margin:0;padding:.5rem .75rem}
legend{font-weight:600;color:var(--navy);padding:0 .25rem}
.inline{display:flex;gap:.5rem;align-items:center;font-weight:400;color:var(--ink);margin:.25rem 0}
.debts{display:grid;gap:.6rem}
.debt{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:.5rem}
.debt label{display:grid;font-size:.85rem;gap:.2rem}
.result{margin:1rem 0 1.5rem;border:2px solid var(--navy);border-radius:var(--radius);padding:1rem}
.kv{display:grid;gap:.4rem;margin:0 0 1rem}
.kv div{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;gap:1rem;border-bottom:1px dashed var(--line);padding:.25rem 0}
.kv dt{color:var(--muted)}
.kv dd{margin:0;font-weight:600;text-align:right}
.kv .hl dd{font-size:1.3rem;color:var(--navy)}
.bar{display:block;border-radius:6px;overflow:hidden;margin:.5rem 0}
.legend{list-style:none;padding:0;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:.25rem 1rem;font-size:.85rem}
.sw{display:inline-block;width:.8rem;height:.8rem;border-radius:2px;margin-right:.35rem;vertical-align:-1px}
.warn{color:var(--warn);font-weight:600}
.note{font-size:.88rem;color:var(--muted)}
.formula code,code{background:var(--sky);padding:.05rem .3rem;border-radius:4px;font-size:.92em;word-break:break-word}
.two{display:grid;gap:1rem}
/* ads: only rendered when enabled; space reserved to avoid layout shift */
.ad-slot{margin:1.5rem 0;min-height:var(--ad-h,280px);display:block;text-align:center}
.ad-slot:before{content:"Advertisement";display:block;font-size:.7rem;color:#8a97a8;letter-spacing:.06em;text-transform:uppercase;margin-bottom:.25rem}
.placeholder{background:#fff4d6;border:1px dashed #c99a1c;padding:0 .25rem;border-radius:3px}
/* footer */
.site-f{background:var(--navy);color:#c5d3e3;margin-top:3rem;padding:2rem 0;font-size:.9rem}
.site-f a{color:#fff}
.site-f nav{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:.5rem 1.25rem;margin-bottom:1rem}
@media (min-width:700px){
  h1{font-size:2.1rem}
  .hero h1{font-size:2.4rem}
  .cards{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}
  .links{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}
  .related-q{columns:2;column-gap:2rem}
  form.calc{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}
  form.calc>fieldset,form.calc>.debts,form.calc>div,form.calc>.btn{grid-column:1/-1}
  form.calc>div[data-show]{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:.75rem}
  form.calc>div[data-show][hidden]{display:none}
  .debt{grid-template-columns:1.4fr 1fr 1fr 1fr}
  .two{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}
}
/* "Ask us a question" widget: fixed, so it never shifts layout; the pill is in the HTML from first paint */
.ask{position:fixed;right:max(.75rem,env(safe-area-inset-right));bottom:max(.75rem,env(safe-area-inset-bottom));z-index:50;font-size:.95rem}
.ask-btn{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:.4rem;background:var(--navy);color:#fff;text-decoration:none;font-weight:600;font-size:.9rem;line-height:1;padding:.55rem .9rem .55rem .75rem;min-height:44px;border-radius:999px;border:2px solid #fff;box-shadow:0 4px 14px rgba(11,37,69,.3)}
.ask-btn:hover,.ask-btn:focus{background:var(--blue);color:#fff}
.ask-btn{transition:transform .2s ease}
.ask-tuck .ask-btn{transform:translateY(calc(100% + 1.5rem))}
@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.ask-btn{transition:none}}
.ask-i{flex:none}
.ask-l{display:none}
.ask-panel{position:fixed;left:.5rem;right:.5rem;bottom:.5rem;max-height:calc(100vh - 1rem);max-height:calc(100dvh - 1rem);overflow:auto;overscroll-behavior:contain;background:#fff;color:var(--ink);border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:14px;box-shadow:0 12px 40px rgba(11,37,69,.32)}
.ask-panel[hidden]{display:none}
.ask-head{position:sticky;top:0;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;background:var(--navy);color:#fff;padding:.35rem .35rem .35rem 1rem;border-radius:13px 13px 0 0}
.ask-title{margin:0;font-weight:700;font-size:1rem}
.ask-x{background:transparent;border:0;color:#fff;font-size:1.7rem;line-height:1;width:44px;height:44px;border-radius:8px;cursor:pointer}
.ask-x:hover{background:var(--navy-2)}
.ask-body{padding:.85rem 1rem 1rem}
.ask-intro{margin:0 0 .75rem;line-height:1.5}
.ask-f{margin:0 0 .65rem}
.ask-f label{display:block;font-weight:600;font-size:.88rem;margin:0 0 .2rem}
.ask-f input,.ask-f textarea,.ask-f select{font:inherit;font-size:16px;width:100%;min-height:44px;padding:.5rem .6rem;border:1px solid #b8c6d6;border-radius:8px;background:#fff;color:var(--ink)}
.ask-f textarea{resize:vertical;min-height:6.5rem;line-height:1.45}
.ask [aria-invalid="true"]{border-color:#b42318;box-shadow:0 0 0 1px #b42318}
.ask-help{margin:.2rem 0 0;font-size:.8rem;color:var(--muted)}
.ask-err{margin:.2rem 0 0;font-size:.82rem;font-weight:600;color:#b42318}
.ask-err:empty,.ask-status:empty{display:none}
.ask-hp{position:absolute;left:-10000px;top:auto;width:1px;height:1px;overflow:hidden}
.ask-c{display:grid;grid-template-columns:auto 1fr;gap:.2rem .55rem;align-items:start;margin:.35rem 0 .85rem;font-size:.88rem;line-height:1.45}
.ask-c input{width:20px;height:20px;margin:.1rem 0 0;accent-color:var(--navy)}
.ask-c .ask-err{grid-column:1/-1}
.ask-send{width:100%;min-height:44px}
.ask-sent .ask-f,.ask-sent .ask-c,.ask-sent .ask-send{display:none}
.ask-status.ok{margin-top:0}
.ask-send[disabled]{opacity:.7;cursor:wait}
.ask-status{margin:.7rem 0 0;padding:.6rem .7rem;border-radius:8px;background:var(--sky);font-size:.9rem;line-height:1.5}
.ask-status.ok{background:#e8f5ee;color:#0b5a37}
.ask-status.warn{background:#fff4e5;color:#7a3306}
.ask-status .btn{margin-top:.5rem}
.site-f{padding-bottom:5.5rem} /* room so the floating pill never covers the last line of the page */
@media (min-width:700px){
  .ask{right:1.25rem;bottom:1.25rem}
  .ask-btn{font-size:.95rem;padding:.7rem 1.15rem .7rem .95rem}
  .ask-l{display:inline}.ask-s{display:none}
  .ask-panel{left:auto;right:1.25rem;bottom:5rem;width:24rem;max-height:calc(100vh - 6.5rem)}
}
@media print{.site-h nav,.cta,.ad-slot,.site-f nav,.ask{display:none}}
/* ---- Money Q&A hub + topic pages ---- */
.vh{position:absolute!important;width:1px;height:1px;overflow:hidden;clip:rect(0 0 0 0);white-space:nowrap}
.hub-hero{padding:1.5rem 0 1.25rem}
.eyebrow{font-size:.78rem;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.08em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--gold)!important;margin:0 0 .35rem}
.hero .lede{font-size:1.05rem;margin:0 0 .6rem}
.trust{display:flex;align-items:flex-start;gap:.4rem;font-size:.85rem;font-weight:500;margin:0 0 1rem;line-height:1.45}
.trust svg{flex:none;margin-top:.1rem;color:var(--ok)}
.hero .trust{color:#cfe0f2}
.hero .trust svg{color:var(--gold)}
.qsearch{position:relative;max-width:40rem;margin:0 0 1rem}
.qsearch input{width:100%;font:inherit;font-size:1rem;padding:.8rem 1rem;border:0;border-radius:var(--radius);box-shadow:0 2px 10px rgba(0,0,0,.18);color:var(--ink)}
.qs-res{list-style:none;margin:.4rem 0 0;padding:.35rem;background:#fff;border-radius:var(--radius);box-shadow:0 8px 24px rgba(11,37,69,.25);position:absolute;left:0;right:0;z-index:5}
.qs-res li{padding:.5rem .6rem;border-radius:6px;line-height:1.35}
.qs-res li+li{border-top:1px solid var(--line)}
.qs-res a{color:var(--navy);font-weight:600;text-decoration:none;display:block}
.qs-res a:hover{text-decoration:underline}
.qs-res small{display:block;color:var(--muted);font-size:.8rem}
.qs-res .none{color:var(--muted);font-size:.92rem}
.jump{display:flex;gap:.4rem;overflow-x:auto;padding:.1rem 0 .3rem;margin:0;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch;scrollbar-width:thin}
.jump a{flex:none;display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:.4rem;font-size:.86rem;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none;color:#fff;border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.3);border-radius:999px;padding:.35rem .75rem;white-space:nowrap}
.jump a:hover{background:rgba(255,255,255,.12);color:#fff}
.jump a span{font-size:.72rem;background:rgba(255,255,255,.18);border-radius:999px;padding:0 .4rem}
.jump.light{flex-wrap:wrap;overflow:visible;margin:0 0 1rem}
.jump.light a{color:var(--navy);border-color:var(--line);background:#fff}
.jump.light a:hover{border-color:var(--blue);background:var(--sky)}
.jump.light a span{background:var(--sky);color:var(--blue)}
.cf-r{position:absolute;opacity:0;pointer-events:none}
.cf-bar{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:.5rem 1rem;margin:1.5rem 0 .9rem}
.cf-bar h2{margin:0}
.cf{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:.25rem;background:var(--sky);border-radius:999px;padding:.2rem}
.cf span{font-size:.8rem;color:var(--muted);padding:0 .4rem 0 .5rem}
.cf label{cursor:pointer;font-size:.88rem;font-weight:600;color:var(--navy);padding:.3rem .85rem;border-radius:999px}
#cf-all:checked~.cf-bar label[for=cf-all],#cf-uk:checked~.cf-bar label[for=cf-uk],#cf-us:checked~.cf-bar label[for=cf-us]{background:var(--navy);color:#fff}
#cf-all:focus-visible~.cf-bar label[for=cf-all],#cf-uk:focus-visible~.cf-bar label[for=cf-uk],#cf-us:focus-visible~.cf-bar label[for=cf-us]{outline:3px solid var(--gold);outline-offset:2px}
#cf-uk:checked~.tgrid .tcard:not(.has-uk),#cf-us:checked~.tgrid .tcard:not(.has-us),#cf-uk:checked~.tgrid .c-us,#cf-us:checked~.tgrid .c-uk,#cf-uk:checked~.cgrid .c-us,#cf-us:checked~.cgrid .c-uk{display:none}
.cf-empty{display:none;font-size:.88rem;color:var(--muted)}
#cf-us:checked~.cf-empty{display:block}
.tgrid{display:grid;gap:.9rem;grid-template-columns:1fr;margin:0 0 1rem}
.tcard{display:flex;flex-direction:column;border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:12px;padding:1rem 1.1rem;background:#fff;scroll-margin-top:1rem;transition:border-color .15s,box-shadow .15s}
.tcard:hover{border-color:#b9c8da;box-shadow:0 4px 16px rgba(11,37,69,.07)}
.tcard h3{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:.5rem;margin:0 0 .25rem;font-size:1.12rem}
.tcard h3 a{color:var(--navy);text-decoration:none}
.tcard h3 a:hover{text-decoration:underline}
.count{flex:none;font-size:.75rem;font-weight:700;color:var(--blue);background:var(--sky);border-radius:999px;padding:.1rem .55rem;vertical-align:middle}
.tdesc{font-size:.9rem;color:var(--muted);margin:0 0 .6rem;line-height:1.45}
.tq{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0 0 .75rem}
.tq li{padding:.4rem 0;border-top:1px solid #edf1f6;line-height:1.4;font-size:.95rem}
.tq a{color:var(--ink);text-decoration:none}
.tq a:hover{color:var(--blue);text-decoration:underline}
.tag.sm{font-size:.62rem;margin:0 0 0 .2rem}
.tcalc{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:.35rem;margin:0 0 .75rem}
.chip{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:.3rem;font-size:.8rem;font-weight:600;color:var(--navy);background:#fff8e6;border:1px solid #f0dca8;border-radius:6px;padding:.2rem .5rem;text-decoration:none;line-height:1.3}
.chip svg{color:#b58a1b;flex:none}
.chip:hover{border-color:var(--gold);color:var(--navy)}
.tall{margin-top:auto;font-weight:600;font-size:.92rem;text-decoration:none}
.tall:hover{text-decoration:underline}
.cgrid{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0 0 1rem;display:grid;gap:.6rem;grid-template-columns:1fr}
.cgrid li{border:1px solid var(--line);border-left:4px solid var(--gold);border-radius:8px;padding:.7rem .9rem}
.cgrid a{font-weight:600;color:var(--navy);text-decoration:none}
.cgrid a:hover{text-decoration:underline}
.cgrid p{margin:.25rem 0 0;font-size:.88rem;color:var(--muted);line-height:1.45}
.askcta{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:.75rem 1.5rem;background:var(--sky);border-radius:12px;padding:1.1rem 1.2rem;margin:1.75rem 0 0}
.askcta h2{margin:0 0 .2rem;font-size:1.15rem}
.askcta p{margin:0;font-size:.93rem;color:var(--muted)}
.askcta.small{margin-top:1rem}
.thead .lede{font-size:1.02rem;max-width:44rem}
.qlist{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0 0 1rem;counter-reset:q}
.qlist li{position:relative;padding:.8rem 0 .8rem 2.4rem;border-top:1px solid var(--line);counter-increment:q}
.qlist li:before{content:counter(q);position:absolute;left:0;top:.85rem;width:1.7rem;height:1.7rem;border-radius:50%;background:var(--sky);color:var(--blue);font-size:.8rem;font-weight:700;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center}
.qlist a{font-weight:600;color:var(--navy);text-decoration:none;font-size:1.02rem;line-height:1.35}
.qlist a:hover{text-decoration:underline}
.qlist p{margin:.3rem 0 0;font-size:.92rem;color:var(--muted);line-height:1.5}
.tmain h2:first-child{margin-top:.5rem}
@media (min-width:40rem){
  .tgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}
  .cgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}
  .cgrid.one{grid-template-columns:1fr}
  .hub-hero{padding:2.25rem 0 1.75rem}
  .jump{flex-wrap:wrap;overflow:visible}
}
@media (min-width:64rem){
  .tgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr 1fr}
  .cgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr 1fr}
  .tlayout{display:grid;grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr) 20rem;gap:2.5rem;align-items:start}
  .tside{position:sticky;top:1rem}
  .tside h2{margin-top:.5rem}
}
.site-h nav{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:.2rem 1rem}
.site-h nav a{margin-left:0;white-space:nowrap}
.qs-res{position:static;box-shadow:0 4px 14px rgba(0,0,0,.18)}